Clifton's Cafeteria, once part of a chain of Clifton's restaurants, is the oldest surviving cafeteria style eatery in Los Angeles, California,[1][2] and the largest public cafeteria in the world.[3][4][5][6][7] Founded in 1931 by Clifford Clinton,[8][9] the name was created by combining the first half of "Clifford" and the last half of "Clinton" to produce the name "Clifton's".[10] The design of the restaurants included exotic decor and facades that were "kitschy and theatrical".[11]
The second Clifton's facility opened in 1935.[1] In 1939 its name was changed to "Clifton's Brookdale", and as the sole survivor of the multiple branches over 79 years, it is now known as "Clifton's Cafeteria" or more familiarly simply as "Clifton's". Located at Broadway and 7th near Los Angeles' downtown theater district, it has remained in operation for 74 years.
The restaurant chain was noted for each facility having its own theme, and for helping out those who could not afford to pay.[2][12] This approach to business reflected the owner's Christian ethos—he never turned anyone away hungry[6][13] and maintained a precedent set by the first restaurant on Olive Street, known as "Clifton's Golden Rule".
In 1946, Clifford and his wife Nelda sold their cafeteria interests to their three younger Clinton children, and retired in order devote their attentions to a Meals for Millions, a non-profit charitable organization he founded in the wake of World War II to distribute food to millions of starving and malnourished people throughout the world.[10]
Clifton's Brookdale was sold to nightclub operator Andrew Meieran on September 21, 2010.[14] Meieran stated that he intended renovations that would preserve the food and unique atmosphere of the establishment, and that they were re-introducing some of the restaurant's 1950-style recipes.[15] During the first phase of planned renovations in 2011, the cafeteria closed on Mondays and Tuesdays during the summer, but remained open other days.[15] In September 2011, the cafeteria began its second phase of renovations and closed for an expected three-to-six month, $3-million rehabilatation, in preparation for a 2012 re-opening.[16] Their bakery remains open, during the restaurant closure.[17]
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The Clinton family's five generations[6] as California restaurateurs began when David Harrison Clinton came to Los Angeles from Missouri in 1888 and purchased the Southern Hotel and its dining room in downtown Los Angeles. David's son Edmond settled in San Francisco, where he and his wife Gertrude became co-owners of a group of cafeteria-style restaurants named Dennets.
Clifford, one of Edmond's five children, learned the restaurant trade while working in his father's restaurants. Along with 2 partners, he bought his father's interest in Dennets. Due to differences in opinion over business practices, he relinquished ownership to his partners and moved to Los Angeles in 1931.
Establishing his restaurants during the height of the Great Depression,[8] and using knowledge gained from working in his family's cafeteria chain in San Francisco,[18] Clinton made a point to never turn anyone away, even if they had no money, seeking to average only a half-cent profit per customer.[10] During one 90-day period, 10,000 people ate free[2] before he was able to open an emergency "Penny Caveteria" in a basement (hence the modified name)[19] a few blocks away to feed two million patrons during the next two years.[10]
The restaurants have always been cafeteria style with each dish sold on a pay-per-item basis. Featured are fountain softdrinks and classic American fare such as roast beef, brisket, meatloaf, and turkey, with a wide assortment of traditional sides.[20] Revolving daily specials often include a fish plate and a fried chicken plate, both of which come with mashed potatoes and vegetables, and in keeping with the eatery’s retro spirit, there is also a selection of Jello salads, soups, vegetables, breads and classic desserts such as cakes and pies.[20] Clifton's desserts were voted "Best Desserts" by L.A. Downtown News' readers in 2001.[21]
In 1931,[2] Clinton leased a "distressed" cafeteria location at 618 South Olive Street in Los Angeles and founded what his customers referred to as "The Cafeteria of the Golden Rule".[6] Patrons were obliged to pay only what they felt was fair, according to a neon sign that flashed "PAY WHAT YOU WISH."[19]
In 1939, the founders of Clifton’s remodeled the restaurant to change it from a conventional dining establishment to a more exotic setting and renamed it "Clifton's Pacific Seas". The exterior was decorated with waterfalls, geysers and tropical foliage. Brightly illuminated in the evening, it became a mecca for tourists and Angelenos alike, often being referred to in the same category as other prominent landmarks of downtown Los Angeles, such as Angels Flight, Olvera Street, and Pershing Square. Initially, the Los Angeles Architectural Commission was so unhappy with the facade and the decor that they threatened suit.
One of the many interior themes of the Pacific Seas included "The Garden" as a setting done in the period A.D. 33. The Garden was first conceived by Clifford E. Clinton in 1943 as an interpretation of the famous artist Heinrich Hofmann's Christ in Gethsemane. Clinton commissioned sculptor Marshall Lakey to fashion a life-sized figure of Christ, kneeling in prayer. The mural behind Christ, depicting the city of Jerusalem and the Garden of Gethsemane was painted by artist Einar C. Petersen.[22]
Clifton's Pacific Seas was visited by Jack Kerouac who wrote in On The Road of visiting "a cafeteria downtown which was decorated to look like a grotto, with metal tits spurting everywhere and great impersonal stone buttockses belonging to deities and soapy Neptune. People ate lugubrious meals around the waterfalls, their faces green with marine sorrow".[23]
In 1960, even though the three-story structure with its cascading waterfall facade had become a landmark over the preceding 29 years, the original Clifton's Pacific Seas was closed, the building was razed,[22] and the location is now a parking lot.[24]
With a still-existing motto of "Dine Free Unless Delighted",[10] Clifton's second Golden Rule was opened in 1935 when Clifford Clinton purchased the lease of the former Boos Brothers Cafeteria at 648 So Broadway Street in Los Angeles.[2][21]
Having himself spent time as a youth the Santa Cruz Mountains not far from the Brookdale Lodge, he chose to redecorate the facility in 1939 to pattern it after the lodge.[21] Working with rock sculptor Francois Scotti, Clifford created a 20 foot waterfall "cascading into a quiet stream" which then "meandered" through the dining room, past faux redwood trees used to conceal the room's steel columns.[21][25] Renowned Los Angeles muralist, Einar C. Petersen, created a life size forest on canvas to cover one wall,[21] and a small chapel was set among the crags to fulfill Clifford's desire to feed the soul as well as the body of depression-weary Angelinos.[21] After refurbishment, he renamed the location "Clifton's Brookdale".[26] The interior includes a stuffed moose head, animated raccoons, and a fishing bear.[8][11][27]
The restaurant is described as one of the last vestiges of Old Broadway in downtown Los Angeles, with an interior that looks like a "slightly down-at-the-heels Disney version of a twilight forest".[20] In June 2006, co-owner Robert Clinton took final steps to purchase the Broadway building they had been otherwise leasing for 71 years.[10][28] With over 600 seats on three floors, and known today simply as "Clifton's Cafeteria",[11] it is noted as the oldest cafeteria in Los Angeles and the largest public cafeteria in the world.[6][10] The third floor includes a party room, a banquet room, and lots of pictures of Clifford and Nelda Clinton. There is a secret room on an upper floor. There is also another set of restrooms down the stairs in the bottom basement. The restaurant's busiest period was in the 1940s, with as many as 10,000 customers forming lines down Broadway, but as of 2009 Clifton's still regularly serves 1,800 to 2,000 daily.[10] The restaurant can be seen in the Edmond O'Brien 1950's version of D.O.A.
In September 2010, Clifton's Brookdale was sold to nightclub operator Andrew Meieran, who stated that he intends to preserve the food and unique atmosphere of the establishment.[14] On September 26, 2011, the cafeteria closed for remodeling, planned to last three to six months, during which the restaurant will get a new kitchen and a redesign of the serving area; the bakery remains open.[16]
In January 1955, it was announced that the Lakewood Center in Lakewood, California, would in 1956 become the location for the third Clifton's location.[29] In 2001, after 44 years of service, the restaurant closed the branch due to a business slowdown.[30]
In 1958, a Clifton's opened in West Covina, California at the Eastland Shopping Center.[31] In 1978 Clifton's moved to the West Covina Fashion Plaza, now called Westfield West Covina, where it stayed in business until 2003.[31]
In 1978,[2] after moving from its West Covina location due to an expiring lease, Clifton's relocated to inside the Westfield Shoppingtown West Covina[31] and renamed itself "The Greenery" for its garden theme.[32] In 2003 the branch closed, leaving "Clifton's Brookdale" at 7th and Broadway as the last of what was once an 8-store chain.[32]
In 1965, ground was broken in Century City, California, for a 1966 opening of a new branch.[33] The outlet operated for over 20 years before closing at the end of 1986.[34]
In 1975, the company opened "Clifford's Silver Spoon" at 517 W. 7th Street, Los Angeles. The Marshall Lakey statue of Christ, which had been placed in storage upon closure of Pacific Seas in 1960, was returned to display when a new Garden was created in the new location. In 1997 the Silver Spoon location was closed [35] and in 1998 the Lakey statue of Christ was relocated to The Holyland Exhibition in Los Angeles. Scenes for the Brad Pitt film Fight Club were shot in the Silver Spoon's location.[27][36]
Clifton's opened a branch in Woodland Hills, California. It is also closed.
In 1987, Clifton's opened a branch in Laguna Hills, California across from the main entrance to Leisure World. For the 12 years of its operation, senior citizens accounted for 90% of the restaurant's clientele. It closed in 1999, to the dismay of local long-time patrons from the community who frequented it as a gathering place.[37]
In 1974 Clifton's opened a branch at the Inland Center Mall in San Bernardino, California. It remained at the mall until closing down in 1984.
The restaurant has made an impression on many who have visited. LA Weekly: "...Clifton’s Cafeteria, that Depression-era palace of retroville."[38] Los Angeles Downtown News: "...Clifton's Cafeteria, the kitschy cool L.A. establishment that has been around since 1931".[39]
In Los Angeles Off the Beaten Path, author Lark Ellen Gould describes Clifton's as "part national park kitsch, part Disney nightmare, part Grandma's house with fake squirrels, taxidermied deer, stuffed moose, and faux waterfalls",[40] and it is described by Los Angeles Times as one of the last vestiges of Old Broadway in downtown Los Angeles, with an interior that looks like a "slightly down-at-the-heels Disney version of a twilight forest".[20]
Huell Howser, host and producer of the KCET series California's Gold, featured Clifford's on one of his series episodes, where in 2001 he shared "Nestled in the bustling setting of historic Broadway, Clifton's Cafeteria is truly a 'jewel in the heart of the Jewelry District'".[21] Howser returned in 2009, only to find much was (of course) still the same.
Benji Lanyado of The Guardian lists Clifton's as among LA's top 10 cult locations and notes that it "survives as an astonishing woodland fantasia".[41]
Michael Stern of Roadfood wrote that the surviving location of Clifton's was "an amazing place to eat", with a food line that was "immense", noting that choices included fried chicken with buttermilk biscuits, oxtail stew, turkey and dressing, and side dishes ranging from whipped or fried potatoes to 'cranberry jewel gelatin'. He wrote that for those with "fond memories of school lunch", Clifton's offers simple fare such as "grilled cheese sandwiches cooked crisp and pressed flat as a pancake". He remarked that its current location was in a part of Los Angeles that was once fashionable and wrote, "Once you arrive at Clifton's, though, you can feel the magic that used to be".[42]
The restaurant's uniqueness has also found its way into many books and novels, including The Long Embrace,[43] Violin Dreams,[44] Don't spit on my corner,[45] A Few Good Women,[46] Deep Heet!,[47] and Remain Silent,[48] among many others. In the novel Strange Angel, author George Pendel describes Clifton's as "a bizarre experience", and a "kitsch cafeteria provided millons of low-priced meals to the out-of-work and destitute during the darkest days of the depression", and that it provided a "surreal sanctuary from a broken world".[49]
Science fiction author Ray Bradbury ate at Clifton's as a struggling writer, often taking advantage of the policy that anyone who couldn't afford to pay didn't have to, and in the 1930s attended meetings of the Los Angeles Science Fiction Society, which met for years at the restaurant. Author/agent/fan/collector Forrest J Ackerman later wrote, "...we moved to Clifton's Cafeteria, a feature of which was their free limeade and lime juice. Some of the members who didn't have more than a nickel or dime to spend guzzled a lot of that free juice."[50]) Bradbury celebrated his 89th birthday at the downtown eatery in 2009.[51]